What was the result of the education reform movement?
In the 1800s, education reform helped to expand state-sponsored public education.
Prior to the first and second Industrial Revolutions, education opportunities in the 13 colonies varied depending on one's location, race, gender, and social class.The literacy rate among white males in the northern and middle colonies was relatively high, and basic education in literacy and math was widely available.In the rural South, educational opportunities were not as plentiful.
Local elected school boards have long been the governing bodies of education in the United States.In New England it was common for public education to be class-based with the working class getting few benefits.The teachers were expected to meet strict demands of strict moral behavior.Calvinist philosophy of discipline included public humiliation and the application of religious values.
The religious bent of the New England Primer of 1690: prior to nineteenth-century reform, education was often the province of sectarian religious institutions.
In the South, the public education system was disorganized.Most education was done in the home with the family acting as instructors.Many yeoman farming families had little access to education outside of the family unit, but the wealthier planter families were able to bring in tutors for instruction in the classics.
State-sponsored public education, including a statewide curriculum and a local property tax to finance it, was brought about by education reform.The U.S. population had one of the highest literacy rates at the time that all states had free elementary schools.Rural areas had few schools before the 1880s, but private academies flourished in towns across the country.Public secondary schools outnumbered private ones by the close of the 1800s.
The common-school movement started in Massachusetts.Mann was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate.He served as secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education before being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.He is often referred to as the father of American public education.
Mann won approval from modernizers in his Whig Party for building public schools, which he said was the best way to turn unruly children into disciplined, republican citizens.The program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers was one of the versions that most states adopted.
In the 1800s, a common school was a one-roomed school in the United States or Canada.The aim of the school is to serve individuals of all social classes and religions.Students went to the common school from ages six to fourteen.The duration of the school year was often dictated by the agricultural needs of particular communities, with children on vacation from school when they needed to work on the family farm.Common schools were open to all white children and funded by local taxes.Each district was typically controlled by an elected local school board; a county school superintendent or regional director was usually elected to supervise day-to-day activities of several common-school districts.
The approach of the common-school system of Massachusetts was changed by Mann's work.He founded and edited The Common School Journal.Mann focused on the problems of public schools.Mann wanted the children of all classes to have a common learning experience.The less fortunate would have an opportunity to advance in society.Mann met with opposition from some Boston schoolmasters who disapproved of his innovative pedagogical ideas and from various religious sectarians who argued against the exclusion of all sectarian instruction from the schools.
Mann instituted school financing through local property taxes.Mann preferred positive reinforcement to physical punishment when fighting against the Calvinist influence on discipline.The Blue Backed Speller and the McGuffey Readers were used by most children during that time.The readings had moral values as well as literacy.Yankee orators sponsored the lyceum movement that provided popular education for hundreds of towns and small cities, while kindergartens and the gymnasium were introduced by German immigrants.Students were assigned by age to different grades and progressed through them in the Prussian model of school advocated by Mann.Some students were able to complete all courses at the secondary school.The students received a certificate of completion.
Since 1836, 120 million copies of The McGuffey Reader have been sold.
Most Catholic children attended public schools after American Catholic parochial schools appeared as ad hoc efforts.Catholics, German Lutherans, Calvinist Dutch, and Orthodox Jews all started parochial schools.Out of 50 states, 39 passed a constitutional amendment forbidding tax money to be used to fund parochial schools.In 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld an Ohio law.
The Morrill Land-Grant Acts allow for the creation of land-grant colleges.The creation of agriculture colleges was called for by a political movement for 20 years prior to the introduction of the bill.Professor Jonathan Baldwin Turner of Illinois College led the movement.Turner drafted a resolution that was adopted by the Illinois Legislature in February of 1854.
Each eligible state received a total of 30,000 acres of federal land, either within or contiguous with its boundaries, for each member of Congress.The land was to be used to establish and fund educational institutions.The agricultural scientists and industrial engineers who were critical to the managerial revolution in government and business of 1862–1917 were produced by the land-grant college system.
The Freedmen's Bureau opened 1,000 schools for black children in the South after the Civil War.Schooling was a priority for the Bureau.The Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for African Americans.The number of freedmen in public schools increased by the end of 1865.The school curriculum was similar to those in the North.
Each state was required to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color if they did not show that race was not an admissions criterion.There are 70 colleges and universities that evolved from the Morrill Acts.
Common schools in the United States were meant to serve all social classes and religions.
After the American Revolution, an emphasis was put on education, especially in the northern states, which quickly established public schools.The U.S. population had one of the highest literacy rates at the time that all states had free elementary schools.Rural areas had few schools before the 1880s, but private academies flourished in towns across the country.Public secondary schools outnumbered private ones by the close of the 1800s.
The earliest public schools were called "common schools" because they were meant to serve all social classes and religions.
Common schools, non-sectarian public schools open to children of all background, were introduced in America by Horace Mann, an influential reformer of education.
Students went to common schools from ages six to fourteen.The duration of the school year was often dictated by the needs of particular communities, with children receiving time off from studies when they would be needed on the family farm.These schools were open to all white children and funded by local taxes.Typically, with a small amount of state oversight, an elected local school board controlled each district with the county school Supremo or regional director in charge of day-to-day activities of several common school districts.
The United States was very rural in the 19th century and most common schools were small one-room centers.They had a single teacher who taught all of the students at the same time.The creator of the common-school districts were either a county commission or a state regulatory agency.
History and geography were included in the curricula as well as the three Rs.End-of-the-year recitations were a common way that parents were informed about what their children were learning.
The end of the common-school era is marked by many education scholars.Control of schools moved away from elected school boards in the early 1900s as schools became more regional.
Many small colleges helped young men transition from rural farms to complex urban occupations during the 19th century.
Young men transitioning from rural farms to complex urban occupations were helped by small colleges during the 19th century.The colleges provided towns with a core of community leaders.The more elite colleges did not contribute much to upward social mobility.By focusing on the offspring of wealthy families, ministers, and a few others, prestigious eastern colleges, especially Harvard, played an important role in the formation of a northeastern elite with great power.
The Morrill Land-Grant College Act allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges.The creation of agriculture colleges was called for by Professor Jonathan Baldwin Turner of Illinois College for 20 years prior to the introduction of the bill.On February 8, 1854, the Illinois Legislature adopted a resolution, drafted by Turner, calling for the congressional delegation to work on a land-grant bill to fund a system of industrial colleges in every state.
Congress passed the Morrill Act in 1859.President James Buchanan vetoed it.The proposed institutions would teach military tactics, as well as engineering and agriculture, according to the amendment submitted by Morrill.The Morrill Act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln because many states did not support the plans.
Each eligible state received a total of 30,000 acres of federal land, either within or contiguous to its boundaries, for each member of Congress.The land was to be used for establishing and funding educational institutions.In reference to the recent secession of several Southern states and the currently raging American Civil War, the Act stipulated that, "No State while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection against the government of the United States shall be entitled to benefit of this act."
If the federal land within a state was not enough to meet the state's land grant, a scrip was issued which allowed the states to use federal lands in other states.In order to fund Cornell University, New York carefully selected valuable timber land in Wisconsin.The Morrill Act allocated 17.4 million acres of land and yielded a collective endowment of $7.55 million.The first state to accept the terms of the Morrill Act was Iowa.Most of the Land-Grant Colleges are public, including Cornell University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Cornell University administers several state-supported contract colleges that fulfill its public land-grant mission to the state of New York.